Phase 3 Key Achievements 3.0

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Phase 3 Key Achievements  from the 5G PPP include
Over 80 highlighted results from projects in phase 3 under
20 program level achievements as shown by the symbols here.
Please click on the symbols to see the relevant results.

In continuation of the 5G PPP Phase II key achievements, the list here presents the “Key achievements v 3.0” from 27, 5G PPP Phase  2 and Phase 3 Projects. Approximately 80 achievements have been reported that have been grouped in 11 different categories.  Contrary to the Phase II key achievements, were these were mainly related to technological breakthroughs, the current list identifies the progress of 5G PPP according to overall plan that is related to gradual shifting from concepts to trials.

Thus, as shown in the adjacent figure, most of the reported achievements are related to a number of trials related to 10 different vertical sectors. Also, many projects have further continued their work in the 5G architecture and in network management and orchestration of the services. These extensions are needed to further support their trials. Of course, some projects have offered also technological breakthroughs the number of which is expected to grow as the ICT-20 projects will be up to full speed during 2020.

Phase 1 Key Achievements                                                Phase 2 Key Achievements                                     Icons ©: iconfinder.com & flaticon.com

Key Achievements v 3.0 :

Performance Evaluation

  • Sat5G proved the benefits in performance by live demonstrations of 5G services over satellite, both GEO and MEO, with satellite in the backhaul, connecting 5G RAN to core network. The use-cases demonstrated are backhaul to gNBs on towers and also on moving platforms (aircraft) [25].
  • The definition of an experimentation methodology to validate 5G KPIs has been provided by 5GENESIS. It is based on structuring the required information in experiment descriptors and defining targeted test cases. 5GENESIS also provided a set of results on 5G KPIs validation, provided through experimentation on commercial 5G NSA equipment and by using 5G spectrum.
  • In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project defined and evaluated basic KPIs for the uses cases of ToD, HD Map Generation and Anticipated Cooperative Collision Avoidance [85].
  • 5G-TOURS has managed to map technical KPIs for all use cases and allow for a clear refinement of the 4G vs 5G value propositions [126].
  • 5G-MOBIX has defined detailed trialing and evaluation methodologies with an extensive list of Technical and Business validation KPIs, which will be used to validate the performance of CCAM services over 5G connectivity in cross-border conditions [93],[94].

Cellular System, Functional, Logical & Physical Architectures

  • 5G-MoNArch provided a fully integrating functions required for industrial, media & entertainment, and smart city use cases into the overall architecture [20]. Sat5G developed several satellite specific VNFs to enable integration of satellite with terrestrial networks, and their deployment on both Kubernetes and OpenStack and Service slice creation and management over satellite using OSM orchestration of VNFs. The project succeeded at instantiating a satellite segment of the slice through a northbound interface between OSM and satellite OSS [26].
  • The IoRL project has integrated all the sub-systems, under its studying domain, to produce a complete end-to-end system that is scalable since in principle it can provide 352Mbps to each of up to 32 RRLH Controllers in rooms in a building to a total of 10Gbps from a 10Gbps Ethernet ring home network.
  • 5G VINNI has provided the actor role model, that is well accepted as reference by the 5G PPP Technical Board being used in the Architecture white paper V 3.0 [79], [80].
  • 5GENESIS has provided a definition and implementation of the functional architecture for experimentation on 5G infrastructures. That architecture encompasses automation in the experimentation process, openness on VNF on-boarding procedures, and flexibility in KPIs monitoring [81], [82].
  • In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project has provided a network and application architecture design to support ultra-fast cross-border handover with Mobile Edge Computing (“make-before-brake”) [83].
  • Since in traditional (live) networks, radio traffic is homerouted and thus (depending on the Use case) not suitable for Automated Driving (MEC) Applications, 5G-CARMEN establishes the Local Breakout scenario. Furthermore, and since the necessary standardized 3GPP-Interfaces are not available across different countries/MNOs, 5G-Carmen focusses on innovative techniques – applicable in current OSS/RAN systems – for minimizing the network handover/reselection delays [112].
  • In the same sector, 5G-MOBIX has also provided a detailed specification of the 5G components, vehicle, OBU and RSI infrastructure to be installed at the Trial Sites / Cross-border Corridors (CBC). It has definition of a common basic 5G network architecture for the interconnection of neighboring networks for both CBCs. It has identified the most prominent cross-border issues for cross-border CCAM functionality support, classification into four categories (Telecom, Application, Security/Privacy, Regulatory) and proposal of multiple potential solutions (to be evaluated during the trials) [89] – [92].
  • The initial design of the overall 5G!Drones system architecture has been established [99] together with the initial definition  of one of its major components, namely the trial controller in terms of its underlying architecture, mechanisms, and APIs and plan for standardization roadmap [100]. An initial integration plan was also devised [101].
  • 5GROWTH provided the initial design of the platform architecture and a set of architectural, algorithmic and framework innovations. The 5GROWTH platform leverages on the results of Phase 2 5G-TRANSFORMER project [110].
  • 5G SMART has developed 5G features beyond trials including time synchronization, positioning and network architecture assessment  [117].
  • 5TOURS has designed an end-to-end architecture that will for the end user seamless integration of the 5G-EVE and 5G-TOURS elements [122].

Radio Access Network

  • The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division-based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. 5G-PHOS defined a revised Ethernet-based FiWi mmWave eCPRI-compatible PtMP topology [36]. It also, successfully had its first demonstrator in Turin in February 2020 (5G-PHOS solution deployed over the in-field legacy TIM PON infrastructure in Turin and it included transmission of the 5G-PHOS analog signal over FiWi with capacity up to 1.6 Gbit/s on single frequency band and single optical channel, expandable up to 16 Gbit/s with 10 frequency bands per optical channel and up to over 60 Gbit/s aggregating multiple optical channels).
  • The IoRL project has achieved for mmWave 310Mbps using 100MHz bandwidth with 64-QAM and SCS=30KHz  in the laboratory, which in principle could be enhanced to 1240Mbps using 400MHz with 64-QAM and SCS=30KHz. For VLC (Visible Light Communications) it achieved 42 Mbps using 10MHz bandwidth, 4-QAM and SCS=30kHz in the laboratory. Moreover, project validation activities have measured latency of much less than 0.5ms at 10 MHz bandwidth at the physical layer between the UE and the DRAN.
  • One5G combined their work and Provided enhanced Massive MIMO Solutions [53].
  • 5G VINNI provided a 3GPP compliant mmWave 5G New Radio installation [76] while it uses a testing automation supported by OpenTAP (released as open source). OpenTAP is a test automation solution supporting the fast and easy development and execution of automated tests [77], [78].

Fronthaul, Backhaul and Metrohaul

  • The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. It also demonstrated analog fronthaul with full real-time processing and MCF transport as well as PoF inclusion [30], [31] and [32].

Technology Enablers

  • The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. It also demonstrated analog fronthaul with full real-time processing and MCF transport as well as PoF inclusion [30], [31] and [32].
  • 5G-CARMEN showcases two different low latency inter-MEC Message Broker approaches, which allow cross-border routing of V2X Messages from vehicles as well as Road Operators [112].

Network Management and Orchestration of Services

  • 5G MEDIA implemented a platform that supports the media services lifecycle management providing a holistic solution encompassing mechanisms and tools for the development, testing and continuously optimized deployment of media services. The main innovations of the proposed platform lie in the following parts: i) the offering of a complete Service Development Kit, encompassing tools for the media service validation and emulation as well as for the testing of optimization algorithms in emulation environment and the continuous corrective sizing of resources required after the media service deployment; ii) the development of two auxiliary services, the 5G-MEDIA Service Catalogue and the AAA mechanisms facilitating the media service management as well as accounting and billing mechanisms; iii) the introduction of a multi-hierarchical cognitive network optimizer catering for the continuous optimization of media services during and after service deployment and iv) the enablement of traditional as well as serverless orchestration allowing event-driven orchestration of services at run time [13], [14] and [15].
  • 5G-MoNArch provided elastic solutions for media & entertainment network slices providing an elastic behavior and making an efficient use of the underlying computational resources [22].
  • The blueSPACE project integrated NFV service platform supporting SDN based RAN and both ARoF and DRoF fronthaul tested in multiple scenarios incl. optical beamforming [33], [34], [35].
  • 5G EVE provides an interworking framework to unify the end-to-end management of experiments over a multi-site 5G network facility composed of heterogeneous 5G site facilities (in terms of technologies, architectures, orchestration, metrics and tools) managed by different administrative entities. Therefore the framework grants vertical users of 5G EVE platform service with a homogenous way of setting their experiments across the constellation of site facilities of 5G EVE ecosystem and supporting both single-site and multi-site use cases [67] – [72].
  • 5G-CARMEN leverages the Or-Or reference point between the NFV-SOs of distinct global administrative domains. Due to the proposed two-tier orchestration layer, the operation features of the standard Or-Or reference point are extended with a Lo-Lo reference point between the NFV-LOs of different MEC sites, whereas the Mv1′ reference point is instantiated between each NFV-LO and its ‘parent orchestrator’, i.e., the NFV-SO [112] – [114].
  • 5GROWTH provided the first release of the open source software platform including a set of selected innovations namely: (a) support of the management of the RAN segment in network slices; (b)Vertical-service monitoring; (c) Control-loops stability; (d) Smarter orchestration and resource control; and (e) Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) [111].
  • 5G SOLUTIONS have developed a Cross-Domain Service Orchestration (CDSO) solution that has passed through a first round of integration with ICT-17 5G-VINNI Greece (Univ. of Patras) [121]
  • 5G-VICTORI defines and implements a fully-automated and user-friendly control and management framework to enable the instantiation of vertical specific applications and will enable future network services and applications driven by virtualization and software (SW) networks, fostering convergence of ICT and vertical industries in a common ecosystem [127].

Software Networks

  • 5G City has designed and the 5G compute and network virtualization architecture for edge neutral host infrastructures.This architecture includes RAN slicing controller which is capable of configuring and managing Wi-Fi APs and Small Cells, and a Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM) specific for the edge devices (EdgeVIM) which is capable to support trusted computing extensions to secure the neutral host compute nodes. Deliverable [5] describes the architecture of these elements, while Deliverable [6] describes the software prototype.
  • 5G-PHOS had a live demonstration of an experimental trial, in which an SDN controller was directly connected to Fi-Wi lab equipment in ORANGE Labs (Lannion, France). Physical layer parameters (i.e Number of carrier, frequency, RF power etc.) were successfully managed/ monitored and assigned to different Class of Services (CoS), namely High Quality CoS and Best Effort CoS, using a graphical user interface developed on top of the SDN controller and running in INCELLIGENT (Athens, Greece) facilities.

Security, Privacy and Resilience

  • 5G-MoNArch provided very reliable network slices for industrial services [22]. As the only project from Phase II active on 5G Security topic, NRG-5 had also major achievements on the field. The first one devoted to security concerns on NRG-5 architecture [40]. The second one on 5G slicing security and security enablers [41] and the third one on authentication and authorization mechanism via blockchain [42].

5G Services Platforms and Programming Tools for NetApps

  • 5G MEDIA implemented a platform that supports the media services lifecycle management providing a holistic solution encompassing mechanisms and tools for the development, testing and continuously optimized deployment of media services. The main innovations of the proposed platform lie in the following parts: i) the offering of a complete Service Development Kit, encompassing tools for the media service validation and emulation as well as for the testing of optimization algorithms in emulation environment and the continuous corrective sizing of resources required after the media service deployment; ii) the development of two auxiliary services, the 5G-MEDIA Service Catalogue and the AAA mechanisms facilitating the media service management as well as accounting and billing mechanisms; iii) the introduction of a multi-hierarchical cognitive network optimizer catering for the continuous optimization of media services during and after service deployment and iv) the enablement of traditional as well as serverless orchestration allowing event-driven orchestration of services at run time [13], [14] and [15].
  • 5G EVE created a service platform for facilitating the design, customization and automated execution of vertical-oriented experiments over 5G full-chain facilities. And for such experiments the platform provides the vertical users with detailed performance monitoring data, experiment results analysis and 5G KPIs validation. The 5G EVE platform service is available through three interface flavours: an Intent -based interface, a Portal GUI, and a set of Open APIs [67] – [72].
  • The Network Slice as a Service (NSaaS) approach, was defined by 5G VINNI’s service blueprints and exposure levels, and consolidated in the OpenSlice (released as open source). OpenSlice is a prototype open source, operations support system. It supports VNF/NSD onboarding to OpenSourceMANO (OSM) and NSD deployment management [73] – [75].
  • The Open 5GENESIS software, i.e., several software components that have been publicly released and are constantly kept updated, to enable experimentation on 5G infrastructures. This is a key contribution to 5GPP TMV WG, towards a testing kit for verticals.
  • 5G-CARMEN, has defined of a cross-domain CCAM platform architecture and extended the ETSI standard with a Local Orchestrator (in relation to the E2E SO) [112] – [114].
  • 5G VICTORI 5G has provided an initial individual site facility planning for the forthcoming demonstration activities and trials [128].

5G Verticals 1: Industry 4.0

  • The partners of One5G have created an Industrial PoC [51], [53], [54].
  • 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
  • 5G VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects
  • 5GROWTH developed use cases for Energy, Transportation and Industry 4.0 domains providing their business, functional and technical requirements and specification of the technical solution of their in-house deployment for the vertical pilot under the scope of 5Growth, as well as the integration options of 5Growth platform with the selected ICT-17 platforms (namely, 5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI), that, ultimately, will allow the business validation of the selected use cases [107] – [109].
  • 5GSMART described and analyzed smart manufacturing use cases. Three smart manufacturing trial sites in real industrial like environment are under implementation, including a first 5G SA deployment in real manufacturing unit. Moreover, electromagnetic Compatibility Testing for 5G NR signals with industrial equipment and intensive channel measurement in real manufacturing unit are performed [115], [116].
  • 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [118] – [120].
  • 5G-VICTORI has defined use cases for Transportation, Energy, Media and Factories of the Future, as well as some specific UCs involving cross-vertical interaction [127].

5G Verticals 2: Agriculture and Agrifood

  • In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [103] for a) Healthcare [104], b) Automotive[105], c) Transport [105] and d) Aquaculture [106]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.

5G Verticals 3: Automotive

  • 5GCAR’s technical work was the foundation of the final four demonstrations (27th of June 2019. The demonstration findings have shown that connected driving has a huge potential for more safety and comfort (assisted and automated) driving use cases [64] – [66].
  • The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated in the automotive vertical  [39] where as One5G created a PoC [51], [53], [54].
  • The three projects 5G-CARMEN [86], 5GCroCo [87], and 5G-MOBIX [88] are implementing and testing advanced cross border of 5G infrastructures in Europe designing and testing a number of technical solution for Connected and Automated Mobility.
  • In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [103] for a) Healthcare [104], b) Automotive[105], c) Transport [105] and d) Aquaculture [106]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.

5G Verticals 4: Transport and Logistics

  • The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment for the vertical sector of rail transportation [37], [38].
  •  5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
  • 5G VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • The 5G!Drones project targeted use cases related to transport & logistics, public safety and media and entertainment. These have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [95]. The 5G!Drones trial facilities have also been investigated and described firstly through initial description [96] and secondly through a complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the  5G trial facilities of concern [97]. An initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [98].
  • In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [103] for a) Healthcare [104], b) Automotive[105], c) Transport [105] and d) Aquaculture [106]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.
  • 5GROWTH developed use cases for Energy, Transportation and Industry 4.0 domains providing their business, functional and technical requirements and specification of the technical solution of their in-house deployment for the vertical pilot under the scope of 5Growth, as well as the integration options of 5Growth platform with the selected ICT-17 platforms (namely, 5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI), that, ultimately, will allow the business validation of the selected use cases [107] – [109].
  • 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [123] – [125].
  • 5G-VICTORI has defined use cases for Transportation, Energy, Media and Factories of the Future, as well as some specific UCs involving cross-vertical interaction [127].

5G Verticals 5: Smart Cities and Utilities

  • 5G City designed a 5G enabled city-wide testbed infrastructure for the cities of Barcelona, Bristol, and Lucca. Details on implementation and network performances are available in Deliverables [7], [8] and [9]. The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment for the vertical sector of smart city [37], [38], whereas One5G has created a dedicated PoC [51], [53], [54].
  • 5G ESSENCE platform for public safety communications focused on two services, namely MCPTT (Mission Critical Push-To-Talk) and Chat and localization. The provision of public safety services relied in three axes: i) Network Service deployment of VNF (Virtual Network Functions) and NSD (Network Service Descriptor) in both Main DC and Edge DC environment; ii) RAN slicing capabilities adapted to the virtual service and the security stage identified in the application; iii) Service Network adaptation based on the monitored information. The features of the platform have been presented in a B-APCO (British Association of Public Safety Communications Officials) event (November 2019, Newcastle, UK) [11].
  • The SliceNet project has investigated the Smart City Lighting use case. It has been deployed in real world to save energy for a university campus in Bucharest Romania [55] – [60].
  • 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
  • 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [118] – [120].
  • 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [123] – [125].

5G Verticals 6: Public Safety

  • 5G VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • The 5G!Drones project targeted use cases related to transport & logistics, public safety and media and entertainment. These have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [95]. The 5G!Drones trial facilities have also been investigated and described firstly through initial description [96] and secondly through a complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the  5G trial facilities of concern [97]. An initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [98].

5G Verticals 7: Smart (air)Ports

  • 5G-MoNArch provided a project testbed for a smart sea port (Hamburg) [23], that received the GSMA GLOMO Award on 5G industry Partnership as the first large scale industrial commercial 5G trial in MWC 2019.
  • 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [118] – [120].
  • 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [123] – [125].

5G Verticals 8: Energy

  • The SliceNet project has investigated a Smart Grid use case. The smart grid use case integrates with existing Smart Grid Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) for self-healing capabilities against grid faults/failures. [55] – [60].
  • 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
  • 5G VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • 5GROWTH developed use cases for Energy, Transportation and Industry 4.0 domains providing their business, functional and technical requirements and specification of the technical solution of their in-house deployment for the vertical pilot under the scope of 5Growth, as well as the integration options of 5Growth platform with the selected ICT-17 platforms (namely, 5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI), that, ultimately, will allow the business validation of the selected use cases [107] – [109].
  • 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [118] – [120].
  • 5G-VICTORI has defined use cases for Transportation, Energy, Media and Factories of the Future, as well as some specific UCs involving cross-vertical interaction [127].

5G Verticals 9: eHealth and Wellness

  • The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated for the eHealth vertical sector [39]. The SliceNet project has investigated a eHealth use cases. The use case features practical tools for paramedics and other healthcare workers including wearable camera headset for ambulance crew or pandemic fighting scenarios, machine learning based stroke diagnosis and video streaming optimization software, among others. [55] – [60].
  • In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [103] for a) Healthcare [104], b) Automotive[105], c) Transport [105] and d) Aquaculture [106]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.
  • 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [123] – [125].

5G Verticals 10: Media, Entertainment and Tourism

  • 5G ESSENCE demonstrated Edge network acceleration in a football stadium (Municipal Football Stadium “Stavros Mavrothalasitis”, Egaleo, Athens, Greece) during a typical 90-minutes match. The event was broadcasted via 360° camera to a number of viewers with eMBMS (evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) -enabled end-devices. An ultra-dense network of CESCs (Cloud Enabled Small Cells) and Edge Data Centre (DC) was deployed for providing 5G mobile broadband experience and the NFVI introduced by 5G ESSENCE. The demonstrated architecture brings several benefits to vertical industry of entertainment, leveraging on video low latency and high quality [10]. Moreover, on another pilot, the 5G ESSENCE platform was also adapted to the Next Generation of In-Flight Entertainment and Connectivity (NG-IFEC) Systems. Key technical enablers and functionalities included multi-tenancy, caching, video transcoding, efficient multicast, network slicing, co-existence of cSD-RAN controllers and the CESCM (Cloud Enabled Small Cell Manager) to enable multi-operator connectivity services and, through this innovative on-board set-up, the delivery of enhanced in-flight services, for both passengers and crew members. The various implementations have been demonstrated in a realistic aircraft environment that is, Airbus A320 Cabin Mock-Up which is available at Zodiac Inflight Innovations (ZII, Germany) premises [12].
  • 5G MEDIA’s platform has been validated  against three media use cases: immersive Virtual Reality 3D gaming application, remote production of broadcast content incorporating user generated contents, and dynamically adaptive CDNs for the intelligent distribution of Ultra-High Definition (UHD) content [16], [17] and [18].
  • 5G-MoNArch provided a project testbed for a Touristic city (Turin) [23]. The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment in a stadium [37], [38]. The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated for the Entertainment vertical sector [39].
  • 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
  • 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
  • The 5G!Drones project targeted use cases related to transport & logistics, public safety and media and entertainment. These have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [95]. The 5G!Drones trial facilities have also been investigated and described firstly through initial description [96] and secondly through a complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the  5G trial facilities of concern [97]. An initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [98].
  • 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [118] – [120].
  • 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [123] – [125].
  • 5G-VICTORI has defined use cases for Transportation, Energy, Media and Factories of the Future, as well as some specific UCs involving cross-vertical interaction [127].

5G Business, Standardization and Regulation

  • 5GCAR generated technical findings have contributed to pre-standardization and normative standardization bodies like 5GAA and 3GPP to shape eventually 5G Rel-16 Study Items, ongoing Work Item and Rel-17 for some of the technical enablers.  For the industrial environment, 5GCAR partners have helped to change regulatory mindsets in favor of C-V2X in 2019 [64] – [66].
  • One of the most important results of 5GCity project is the Neutral Hosting Orchestration Platform and SDK. This architecture and related business model allow to innovate in the way business relationships are established between cities and telecom operators involving also vertical application providers. Deliverable [1] and [2] describe the final architecture of 5GCity and its Orchestration Platform. Deliverable [3] describes the software prototype, also avaialble in OpenSource on GitHub. Deliverable D2.5 (Confidential) contains the business model and techno-economic analyses to assess their economic feasibility. KPI measurements and tests with use cases are reported in deliverable [4].
  • The 5G-MEDIA project has defined innovative business models arisen by the use of 5G MEDIA platform. The 5G-MEDIA project has focused on how the market could change by means of the introduction of technologies for empowering the 5G value, looking at it from the perspective of the vertical domain, specifically for media organizations and has introduced three business scenarios, as a potential future roadmap for the adoption of the technologies resulting from the project [19].
  • To quantify the technical and socio-economic benefits of the technologies developed in 5G-MoNArch a framework has been defined including a process as well as a set of technical and commercial / economic KPIs [24]. Sat5G identified business cases for satellite related use cases [27].
  • The SliceNet project has investigated commercialization opportunities for eHealth, Smart Grid and Smart City Lighting use cases. Firstly, the eHealth use case features practical tools for paramedics and other healthcare workers including wearable camera headset for ambulance crew or pandemic fighting scenarios, machine learning based stroke diagnosis and video streaming optimisation software, among others. Secondly, the Smart Grid use case integrates with existing Smart Grid Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) for self-healing capabilities against grid faults/failures. Thirdly, the Smart City Lighting use case has been deployed in real world to save energy for a university campus in Bucharest Romania [55] – [60]. Moreover, SliceNet had impact on standardisation including firstly two contributions approved as ITU-T FG ML5G specifications (1) ML5G-I-247 – Machine learning based end-to-end network slice management and orchestration and (2) ML5G-I-242-R1 – Vertical-assisted Network Slicing Based on a Cognitive Framework, and secondly, one contribution approved as ETSI ENI POC (ENI(19)000055) “Predictive Fault management of E2E Multi-domain Network Slices” [61], [62]. Finally, SliceNet contribution to open source projects including OpenAirInterface (OAI), Mosaic5G, OpenvSwitch (OVS), SkyDive, OpenWhisk etc. [63] .
  • In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project has initiated the identification of business opportunities in the new emerging and forming 5G ecosystems for cross-border CCAM [84]. 5G MOBIX has defined a Deployment, Integration and Trialing methodology as well as Technical, Business and user acceptance KPIs for the execution of Cross-Border Corridor trials [93].
  • 5G-CARMEN uncovers the regulatory and business aspects, which are the underlying barriers of cross-country radio network coverage, MNO cooperation and thus real seamless implementations. Together with both other corridor projects, a joint European solution supported by the European Union, is appealed for [112] – [114].
  • The UAV business and regulatory ecosystem have been investigated by 5G!Drones together with the role that 5G networks could play in this vertical sector [102].

References

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    118. 5G-SOLUTIONS Project, Deliverable D1.1A, Definition and analysis of use cases/scenarios and corresponding KPIs based on LLs, Online: https://www.5gsolutionsproject.eu/dissemination/public-deliverables/
    119. 5G-SOLUTIONS Project, Deliverable D2.4A, Living Labs planning, setup, operational management handbook, Online: https://www.5gsolutionsproject.eu/dissemination/public-deliverables/
    120. 5G-SOLUTIONS Project, Deliverable D1.4A, Methodologies for the validation of 5G and for LL measurements (v1.0), Online: https://www.5gsolutionsproject.eu/dissemination/public-deliverables/
    121. 5G-SOLUTIONS Project, Deliverable D2.2B, Specifications & design of CDSO plugins CDSO plugins (v2.0), Online: https://www.5gsolutionsproject.eu/dissemination/public-deliverables/
    122. 5G-TOURS project, Deliverable D3.1, Baseline architecture and deployment objectives, Online: http://5gtours.eu/deliverables/
    123. 5G-TOURS project, Deliverable D4.1, Robotic Media and Smart Cities solutions for Touristic cities, Online: http://5gtours.eu/deliverables/
    124. 5G-TOURS project, Deliverable D5.1, 5G-enabled solutions for safe cities, Online: http://5gtours.eu/deliverables/
    125. 5G-TOURS project, Deliverable D6.1, 5G-enabled solutions for mobility efficient cities, Online: http://5gtours.eu/deliverables/
    126. 5G-TOURS project, Deliverable D2.1, Use cases, deployment and techno-economic requirements – high level description, Online: http://5gtours.eu/deliverables/
    127. 5G-VICTORI project, Deliverable D2.1, 5G VICTORI Use case and requirements definition and reference architecture for vertical services, Online: https://www.5g-victori-project.eu/project-outcomes/deliverables/
    128. 5G-VICTORI project, Deliverable D2.2, Preliminary individual site facility planning, Online: https://www.5g-victori-project.eu/project-outcomes/deliverables/