Phase 3 Key Achievements 3.1

• Sat5G proved the benefits in performance by live demonstrations of 5G services over satellite, both GEO and MEO, with satellite in the backhaul, connecting 5G RAN to core network. The use-cases demonstrated are backhaul to gNBs on towers and also on moving platforms (aircraft) [25].
• The definition of an experimentation methodology to validate 5G KPIs has been provided by 5GENESIS. It is based on structuring the required information in experiment descriptors and defining targeted test cases. 5GENESIS also provided a set of results on 5G KPIs validation, provided through experimentation on commercial 5G NSA equipment and by using 5G spectrum.
• In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project defined and evaluated basic KPIs for the uses cases of ToD, HD Map Generation and Anticipated Cooperative Collision Avoidance [85].
• 5G-MOBIX has defined detailed trialing and evaluation methodologies with an extensive list of Technical and Business validation KPIs, which will be used to validate the performance of CCAM services over 5G connectivity in cross-border conditions [93],[94].
• 5GROWTH has defined a set of Service KPIs and Core 5G KPIs and identifying the mapping between them for each pilot use case according to the vertical service requirements. The first validation and evaluation campaigns were performed in different pilots under experimental environments to demonstrate the capacity of 5G compared to the 4G and legacy technologies, as well provide initial assessment of target KPIs in all pilots. For the validation process, systematic verification and testing methodologies were applied in the campaigns, providing a series of tools to enable the automation of the verification procedures, the processing of the measurement data and the reproducibility of the verification results [124].
• 5G-TOURS has managed to map technical KPIs for all use cases and allow for a clear refinement of the 4G vs 5G value propositions [110].
• 5G-VICTORI defined use cases and their specific requirements, as they are dictated by the associated vertical industries. I has defined a set of KPIs and identified the mapping between them for each use case according to the vertical service requirements.  5G-VICTORI provided a reference architecture in support for the various vertical services. This architecture aims at transforming current closed, purposely developed and dedicated infrastructures into open environments where resources and functions are exposed to ICT and vertical industries through common vertical and non-vertical specific repositories. These functions can be accessed and shared on demand and deployed to compose very diverse sets of services [131].
• Reference ARIADNE system concept has been established through definition of a set of use cases and scenarios and the associated KPIs, which will be considered for further investigation [135]. Moreover, initial study on propagation aspects in D band have been concluded, which included consideration of appropriate channel models, beam misalignment and blockage, initial beam forming algorithms, as well as approach for modeling RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces) and performance evaluation [136].

• 5G-MoNArch provided a fully integrating functions required for industrial, media & entertainment, and smart city use cases into the overall architecture [20]. Sat5G developed several satellite specific VNFs to enable integration of satellite with terrestrial networks, and their deployment on both Kubernetes and OpenStack and Service slice creation and management over satellite using OSM orchestration of VNFs. The project succeeded at instantiating a satellite segment of the slice through a northbound interface between OSM and satellite OSS [26].
• The IoRL project has integrated all the sub-systems, under its studying domain, to produce a complete end-to-end system that is scalable since in principle it can provide 352Mbps to each of up to 32 RRLH Controllers in rooms in a building to a total of 10Gbps from a 10Gbps Ethernet ring home network.
• 5G-VINNI has provided the actor role model, that is well accepted as reference by the 5G PPP Technical Board being used in the Architecture white paper V 3.0 [79], [80].
• 5GENESIS has provided a definition and implementation of the functional architecture for experimentation on 5G infrastructures. That architecture encompasses automation in the experimentation process, openness on VNF on-boarding procedures, and flexibility in KPIs monitoring [81], [82].
• In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project has provided a network and application architecture design to support ultra-fast cross-border handover with Mobile Edge Computing (“make-before-brake”) [83].
• Since in traditional (live) networks, radio traffic is homerouted and thus (depending on the Use case) not suitable for Automated Driving (MEC) Applications, 5G-CARMEN establishes the Local Breakout scenario. Furthermore, and since the necessary standardized 3GPP-Interfaces are not available across different countries/MNOs, 5G-Carmen focusses on innovative techniques – applicable in current OSS/RAN systems – for minimizing the network handover/reselection delays [99].
• In the same sector, 5G-MOBIX has also provided a detailed specification of the 5G components, vehicle, OBU and RSI infrastructure to be installed at the Trial Sites / Cross-border Corridors (CBC). It has definition of a common basic 5G network architecture for the interconnection of neighboring networks for both CBCs. It has identified the most prominent cross-border issues for cross-border CCAM functionality support, classification into four categories (Telecom, Application, Security/Privacy, Regulatory) and proposal of multiple potential solutions (to be evaluated during the trials) [89] – [92].
• The initial design of the overall 5G!Drones system architecture has been established [115] together with the initial definition  of one of its major component namely the trial controller in terms of its underlying architecture, mechanisms, and APIs, plan for standardization roadmap [116]. Initial integration plan was also devised [117].
• 5TOURS has designed an end-to-end architecture that will for the end user seamless integration of the 5G-EVE and 5G-TOURS elements [106].
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. Moreover, an initial technical design and initial concept of a common inter-facility orchestration platform was developed, referred to as the 5G-VICTORI Operation System (5G-VIOS), which is able to broker network services across multiple domains and facilities. 5G-VIOS enables the offering of cross-facility vertical services. Preliminary analysis of the processes and the components that support them, security and workflows have been also identified [133].
• Reference ARIADNE system concept has been established through definition of a set of use cases and scenarios and the associated KPIs, which will be considered for further investigation [135]. Moreover, initial study on propagation aspects in D band have been concluded, which included consideration of appropriate channel models, beam misalignment and blockage, initial beam forming algorithms, as well as approach for modeling RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces) and performance evaluation [136].
• 5G-CLARITY has provided an initial design of enhanced AT3S framework. It extends the AT3S framework defined in Rel.16 to aggregate WiFi, LiFi and 5GNR, and to enable fine control of traffic going through each access technology based on near real-time telemetry obtained using a O-RAN near real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) [138], [139].
• The 5G-COMPLETE network architecture has been defined including also its main supported functions. The first production on vertical and horizontal interfaces between components, layers and tiers has been carried out. An AI/ML-based optimization framework for data-driven self-optimisation of 5G-COMPLETE infrastructure has been designed. Moreover, the definition of blocks supported by 5G-COMPLETE and its development is going to be aligned to O-RAN [141].
• The LOCUS project has defined scenarios and use cases representative of the trends and market drivers, the operators’ perspective, and the indicative vertical application needs. Extension of the use cases envisaged in the original project description of work to include solutions that aim to help fighting the COVID-19 outbreak are also considered [144]. Moreover, the project designed a high-level functional architecture, together with the description of all functions and components of the LOCUS Platform. This work includes also the design of smart network management functionalities and the development of techniques for location security (e.g., adaptive deception/masking) attack detection strategies via statistical signal processing techniques) [145], [146], [147].

• The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division-based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. blueSPACE had a successful final demonstration at TU/e in February 2021, showing real-time ARoF fronthaul with mmWave transmission up to 2.8Gbit/s over the air. 5G-PHOS defined a revised Ethernet-based FiWi mmWave eCPRI-compatible PtMP topology [36]. It also, successfully had its first demonstrator in Turin in February 2020 (5G-PHOS solution deployed over the in-field legacy TIM PON infrastructure in Turin and it included transmission of the 5G-PHOS analog signal over FiWi with capacity up to 1.6 Gbit/s on single frequency band and single optical channel, expandable up to 16 Gbit/s with 10 frequency bands per optical channel and up to over 60 Gbit/s aggregating multiple optical channels).
• The IoRL project has achieved for mmWave 310Mbps using 100MHz bandwidth with 64-QAM and SCS=30KHz  in the laboratory, which in principle could be enhanced to 1240Mbps using 400MHz with 64-QAM and SCS=30KHz. For VLC (Visible Light Communications) it achieved 42 Mbps using 10MHz bandwidth, 4-QAM and SCS=30kHz in the laboratory. Moreover, project validation activities have measured latency of much less than 0.5ms at 10 MHz bandwidth at the physical layer between the UE and the DRAN.
• One5G combined their work and Provided enhanced Massive MIMO Solutions [53].
• 5G-VINNI provided a 3GPP compliant mmWave 5G New Radio installation [76] while it uses a testing automation supported by OpenTAP (released as open source). OpenTAP is a test automation solution supporting the fast and easy development and execution of automated tests [77], [78].
• In the ARIADNE project, initial study on propagation aspects in D band have been concluded, which included consideration of appropriate channel models, beam misalignment and blockage, initial beam forming algorithms, as well as approach for modeling RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces) and performance evaluation [136]. Baseband antenna concept for D band defined, which considered suitable modulation schemes, definition of antenna gain value, and concepts for practical realization of the antenna and fabrication of metasurfaces [137].
• 5G-CLARITY has provided an initial design of enhanced AT3S framework. It extends the AT3S framework defined in Rel.16 to aggregate WiFi, LiFi and 5GNR, and to enable fine control of traffic going through each access technology based on near real-time telemetry obtained using a O-RAN near real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) [138], [139].
• 5G-COMPLETE has defined sub-THz and THz radio blocks in support of 5G-COMPLETE infrastructure: More specifically the following have been defined (i) Initial design of RF-frontends for 90-120 GHz operation, fully integrated with on-chip antennas and electro-optical blocks for optical IO interfaces. (ii) Initial architecture of multi-baseband processor platform for 210-270 GHz frontends. Channel combining schemes and DSP blocks suited for FPGA-based real-time implementation have been defined [141].
• The TERAWAY project, has defined use cases and application scenarios with respect to the final demonstration activities of the  project. It has also provided a market analysis and definition of a preliminary roadmap regarding the use of THz techology in 5G systems. And Review of industry trends in terms of development of mmWave and THz products by active system vendors, spectrum allocation, evolution of network infrastructure, customer services and network operator business models [161].

• The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. It also demonstrated analog fronthaul with full real-time processing and MCF transport as well as PoF inclusion [30], [31] and [32].
• In the ARIADNE project, initial study on propagation aspects in D band have been concluded, which included consideration of appropriate channel models, beam misalignment and blockage, initial beam forming algorithms, as well as approach for modeling RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces) and performance evaluation [136]. Baseband antenna concept for D band defined, which considered suitable modulation schemes, definition of antenna gain value, and concepts for practical realization of the antenna and fabrication of metasurfaces [137].
• 5G-COMPLETE has defined sub-THz and THz radio blocks in support of 5G-COMPLETE infrastructure: More specifically the following have been defined (i) Initial design of RF-frontends for 90-120 GHz operation, fully integrated with on-chip antennas and electro-optical blocks for optical IO interfaces. (ii) Initial architecture of multi-baseband processor platform for 210-270 GHz frontends. Channel combining schemes and DSP blocks suited for FPGA-based real-time implementation have been defined [141].
• TERAWAY provided a first design of a controller (for equipment handling and control and for provision of reliable communications over TERAWAY transport) and specified how this controller be incorporated into the standardized 5G architecture. Representation models have been defined and implemented for TERAWAY radio module. These models are aimed to be used for developin SDN solutions for the configuration of the TERAWAY modules and the slicing of the TERAWAY radio links [161].

• The blueSPACE project demonstrated optical space division based RAN for DRoF, ARoF and PoF fronthaul transport in various configurations [28] and [29]. It also demonstrated analog fronthaul with full real-time processing and MCF transport as well as PoF inclusion [30], [31] and [32].
• 5G-CARMEN showcases two different low latency inter-MEC Message Broker approaches, which allow cross-border routing of V2X Messages from vehicles as well as Road Operators [99].
• Reference ARIADNE system concept has been established through definition of a set of use cases and scenarios and the associated KPIs, which will be considered for further investigation [135]. Moreover, initial study on propagation aspects in D band have been concluded, which included consideration of appropriate channel models, beam misalignment and blockage, initial beam forming algorithms, as well as approach for modeling RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces) and performance evaluation [136].
• The 5G-COMPLETE MANO framework design has been completed. Identification of all interfaces existing between MANO components and between MANO components and SDN-based control plance was performed. Initial design of SDN-based control plane of 5G-COMPLETE architecture including architecture options for RAN configuration and network design for networks enabled by mmWave mesh nodes has been achieved. Definition of distributed NFV infrastructure design offering virtualized computing resources at the edge through MEC nodes was also done [141].
• INSPIRE-5G PLUS has defined a set of use cases, a list of which were selected for demonstrating the project’s security framework and enablers. The use cases proposed so far are related to three ICT-17 projects (5Genesis, 5G-VINNI and 5G EVE), three ICT-18 projects (5G-MOBIX, 5G-CARMEN and 5GCroCo), and two ICT-19 projects (5GDrones and 5Growth) in terms of security requirements, architecture and application areas [142], [143].
• The LOCUS project has developed innovative signal processing techniques for enhanced 5G localization and assist in the integration of heterogeneous technologies. The project has established a framework for device-free localization in cluttered environments. It has also designed techniques, based on machine learning and neural networks, for determining analytics related to the LOCUS use cases [148] – [151].
• TERAWAY has developed DSP algorithms for the processing of baseband signals and beamforming algorithms for the steering of the wireless beams. Development of models for the transmission of W/D and THz signals in Line of Sight (LoS) environments. Moreover, it has modeled and provided a low-level design of InP-based photonic chips for light generation, optical amplification and optical mixing in TERAWAY modules. Finally, TERAWAY has designed structures for the out-coupling (radiation) of W/D and THz signals from an InP substrate based on the use of silicon (dielectric) rod antennas [161].

• 5G MEDIA implemented a platform that supports the media services lifecycle management providing a holistic solution encompassing mechanisms and tools for the development, testing and continuously optimized deployment of media services. The main innovations of the proposed platform lie in the following parts: i) the offering of a complete Service Development Kit, encompassing tools for the media service validation and emulation as well as for the testing of optimization algorithms in emulation environment and the continuous corrective sizing of resources required after the media service deployment; ii) the development of two auxiliary services, the 5G-MEDIA Service Catalogue and the AAA mechanisms facilitating the media service management as well as accounting and billing mechanisms; iii) the introduction of a multi-hierarchical cognitive network optimizer catering for the continuous optimization of media services during and after service deployment and iv) the enablement of traditional as well as serverless orchestration allowing event-driven orchestration of services at run time [13], [14] and [15].
• 5G-MoNArch provided elastic solutions for media & entertainment network slices providing an elastic behavior and making an efficient use of the underlying computational resources [22].
• The blueSPACE project integrated NFV service platform supporting SDN based RAN and both ARoF and DRoF fronthaul tested in multiple scenarios incl. optical beamforming [33], [34], [35]. blueSPACE successfully demonstrated its SDN&NFV platform in February 2021, managing an ARoF fronthaul service with optical beamforming.
• 5G EVE provides an interworking framework to unify the end-to-end management of experiments over a multi-site 5G network facility composed of heterogeneous 5G site facilities (in terms of technologies, architectures, orchestration, metrics and tools) managed by different administrative entities. Therefore the framework grants vertical users of 5G EVE platform service with a homogenous way of setting their experiments across the constellation of site facilities of 5G EVE ecosystem and supporting both single-site and multi-site use cases [67] – [72].
• 5G-CARMEN leverages the Or-Or reference point between the NFV-SOs of distinct global administrative domains. Due to the proposed two-tier orchestration layer, the operation features of the standard Or-Or reference point are extended with a Lo-Lo reference point between the NFV-LOs of different MEC sites, whereas the Mv1′ reference point is instantiated between each NFV-LO and its ‘parent orchestrator’, i.e., the NFV-SO [99] – [101].
• The 5GROWTH system architecture has been completed, leveraging on the results of Phase 2 5G-TRANSFORMER project, along with the design and development of 12 innovations to enhance the network slicing support, vertical-service monitoring, AI-driven service/network automation and closed-loop control, and Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery.  The first release of the 5GROWTH open source software platform has been published in https://github.com/5growth/  and captured in [121] and [122]
• 5G SOLUTIONS have developed a Cross-Domain Service Orchestration (CDSO) solution that has passed through a first round of integration with ICT-17 5G-VINNI Greece (Univ. of Patras) [105]
• 5G-VICTORI has developed an initial technical design and initial concept of a common inter-facility orchestration platform. This is referred to as the 5G-VICTORI Operation System (5G-VIOS), which is able to broker network services across multiple domains and facilities. 5G-VIOS enables the offering of cross-facility vertical services. Preliminary analysis of the processes and the components that support them, security and workflows have been also identified [133].
• 5G-CLARITY has provided an initial design of service and slice subsystem [138], [140]. It has defined infrastructure slices over private network deployments that allow a private network operator to share infrastructure among different digital or communication service providers. 5G-CLARITY slices connect wireless, transport and compute domain services defining resource quotas for each service. Moreover, th project has provided an initial design of the 5G-CLARITY AI engine and identification of 9 ML models. It has defined an AI engine that hosts ML models and manages the lifecycle of these models, providing a unified interface to injest telemetry and execute actions on the network.
• INSPIRE-5G PLUS has proposed a first version of a high-level architecture with the identification of the functional building blocks and components enabling intelligent closed-loop security operations. This illustrates how the INSPIRE-5G PLUS framework can be applied as a zero-touch security management solution for 5G systems [142], [143].
• MonB5G has defined PoC use cases, requirements and KPIs for 4 experimental scenarios i) Zero-Touch Network and service management with end-to-end SLAs, ii) Elastic end-to-end slice management, iii) AI-assisted security attack identification and mitigation, and iv) robustness of learning algorithms in the face of attacks. It has also provided a aarket analysis, where MonB5G’s value chain is presented in terms i) business benefits of automatic monitoring and optimizing slicing in MonB5G, ii) business benefits using a distributed management platform in Monb5g and iii) business Model Method [152]-[160].
• TERAWAY provided a first design of a controller (for equipment handling and control and for provision of reliable communications over TERAWAY transport) and specified how this controller be incorporated into the standardized 5G architecture. Representation models have been defined and implemented for TERAWAY radio module. These models are aimed to be used for developin SDN solutions for the configuration of the TERAWAY modules and the slicing of the TERAWAY radio links [161].

• 5G City has designed and the 5G compute and network virtualization architecture for edge neutral host infrastructures.This architecture includes RAN slicing controller which is capable of configuring and managing Wi-Fi APs and Small Cells, and a Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM) specific for the edge devices (EdgeVIM) which is capable to support trusted computing extensions to secure the neutral host compute nodes. Deliverable [5] describes the architecture of these elements, while Deliverable [6] describes the software prototype.
• 5G-PHOS had a live demonstration of an experimental trial, in which an SDN controller was directly connected to Fi-Wi lab equipment in ORANGE Labs (Lannion, France). Physical layer parameters (i.e., Number of carrier, frequency, RF power etc.) were successfully managed/ monitored and assigned to different Class of Services (CoS), namely High Quality CoS and Best Effort CoS, using a graphical user interface developed on top of the SDN controller and running in INCELLIGENT (Athens, Greece) facilities.
• 5G-CLARITY has provided an initial design of service and slice subsystem [138], [140]. It has defined infrastructure slices over private network deployments that allow a private network operator to share infrastructure among different digital or communication service providers. 5G-CLARITY slices connect wireless, transport and compute domain services defining resource quotas for each service. Moreover, th project has provided an initial design of the 5G-CLARITY AI engine and identification of 9 ML models. It has defined an AI engine that hosts ML models and manages the lifecycle of these models, providing a unified interface to injest telemetry and execute actions on the network.

• 5G-MoNArch provided very reliable network slices for industrial services [22]. As the only project from Phase II active on 5G Security topic, NRG-5 had also major achievements on the field. The first one devoted to security concerns on NRG-5 architecture [40]. The second one on 5G slicing security and security enablers [41] and the third one on authentication and authorization mechanism via blockchain [42].
• INSPIRE 5G-PLUS has performed an analysis of security threats and requirements in 5G and Beyond Networks. It has identified security enablers and assets on which future 5G may leverage for security, with a focus on emerging initiatives and technologies having the potential to significantly contribute to 5G security evolution; namely, Zero-touch network and Service Management (ZSM), Software-Defined Security (SD-SEC) models, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) techniques, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), and Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) [142], [143].
• MonB5G’s has work on a trust management vision that incudes I) MonB5G trust model ii) trust formalism for trustworthy distributed decisions and iii) AI-driven trust Management approaches [152] – [160].

5G MEDIA implemented a platform that supports the media services lifecycle management providing a holistic solution encompassing mechanisms and tools for the development, testing and continuously optimized deployment of media services. The main innovations of the proposed platform lie in the following parts: i) the offering of a complete Service Development Kit, encompassing tools for the media service validation and emulation as well as for the testing of optimization algorithms in emulation environment and the continuous corrective sizing of resources required after the media service deployment; ii) the development of two auxiliary services, the 5G-MEDIA Service Catalogue and the AAA mechanisms facilitating the media service management as well as accounting and billing mechanisms; iii) the introduction of a multi-hierarchical cognitive network optimizer catering for the continuous optimization of media services during and after service deployment and iv) the enablement of traditional as well as serverless orchestration allowing event-driven orchestration of services at run time [13], [14] and [15].

5G EVE created a service platform for facilitating the design, customization and automated execution of vertical-oriented experiments over 5G full-chain facilities. And for such experiments the platform provides the vertical users with detailed performance monitoring data, experiment results analysis and 5G KPIs validation. The 5G EVE platform service is available through three interface flavours: an Intent -based interface, a Portal GUI, and a set of Open APIs [67] – [72].

The Network Slice as a Service (NSaaS) approach, was defined by 5G-VINNI’s service blueprints and exposure levels, and consolidated in the OpenSlice (released as open source). OpenSlice is a prototype open source, operations support system. It supports VNF/NSD onboarding to Nokia FlowOne, OpenSourceMANO (OSM) and NSD deployment management [73] – [75].

The Open 5GENESIS software, i.e., several software components that have been publicly released and are constantly kept updated, to enable experimentation on 5G infrastructures. This is a key contribution to 5GPP TMV WG, towards a testing kit for verticals.

5G-CARMEN, has defined of a cross-domain CCAM platform architecture and extended the ETSI standard with a Local Orchestrator (in relation to the E2E SO) [99] – [101].

The LOCUS project has developed innovative signal processing techniques for enhanced 5G localization and assist in the integration of heterogeneous technologies. The project has established a framework for device-free localization in cluttered environments. It has also designed techniques, based on machine learning and neural networks, for determining analytics related to the LOCUS use cases [148] – [151].

• The partners of One5G have created an Industrial PoC [51], [53], [54].
• 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
• 5G-VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• 5G GROWTH has performed and initial deployment of the four vertical pilots with 5G infrastructure and the first release of software for the integration of 5Growth platform with ICT-17 platforms (5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI) published as open source: https://github.com/5growth/ and captured in [123]. The pilots along with their service use cases deployment and developed related innovations have been presented in a number of vertical-oriented events (including panels, workshops, webinars, etc.) organized by the projects, with high visibility and large attendance.
• 5G-SMART has provided an overview of the forward-looking use cases explored in the project. These use cases have been selected to cover a broad range of application areas for 5G in smart factories of the future. Specifically, the use cases allow us to trial and validate 5G capabilities in various scenarios related to factory automation, process automation, human-machine interfaces (HMIs) and production IT, as well as to logistics and warehousing [126]. Moreover, insights into the design and installation of the three 5G trial systems were provided. All constraints coming from the trial sites and use case perspectives were described. Furthermore, the different trial setups and corresponding use case realisations were detailed ([127], [128], [129]).
• 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [102] – [104]. Initial UC deployment, testing and early KPI validation is ongoing.
• 5G-CLARITY will deploy a private beyond 5G network featuring 5GNR, WiFi and LiFi in a manufacturing plant in Madrid, Spain. The 5G-CLARITY network will be used to validate two use cases. The first use case involves replacing the Ethernet network connecting a MES enabled production line with a wireless connection. The second use case involves the cm-level positioning and tracking of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) operating in the manufacturing plant. A detailed description of this use cases can be found in [173].

• In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [95] for a) Healthcare [96], b) Automotive[97], c) Transport [97] and d) Aquaculture [98]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.

• 5GCAR’s technical work was the foundation of the final four demonstrations (27th of June 2019. The demonstration findings have shown that connected driving has a huge potential for more safety and comfort (assisted and automated) driving use cases [64] – [66].
• The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated in the automotive vertical  [39] where as One5G created a PoC [51], [53], [54].
• The three projects 5G-CARMEN [86], 5GCroCo [87], and 5G-MOBIX [88] are implementing and testing advanced cross border of 5G infrastructures in Europe designing and testing a number of technical solution for Connected and Automated Mobility.
• In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [95] for a) Healthcare [96], b) Automotive[97], c) Transport [97] and d) Aquaculture [98]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.

• The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment for the vertical sector of rail transportation [37], [38].
•  5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
• 5G-VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
•  5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• The 5G!Drones targeted Use Cases have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [111]. The 5G Trial facilities have also been investigated and described first through Initial description [112] and second through complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the 5G trial facilities of concern [113]. Initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [114].
• In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [95] for a) Healthcare [96], b) Automotive[97], c) Transport [97] and d) Aquaculture [98]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.
•  5G GROWTH has performed and initial deployment of the four vertical pilots with 5G infrastructure and the first release of software for the integration of 5Growth platform with ICT-17 platforms (5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI) published as open source: https://github.com/5growth/ and captured in [123]. The pilots along with their service use cases deployment and developed related innovations have been presented in a number of vertical-oriented events (including panels, workshops, webinars, etc.) organized by the projects, with high visibility and large attendance.
• 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [107] – [109].
•  5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. The project has defined a methodology and guidelines for running the field trials. Examples are Procedures/ Operations to be performed before, after and at the time of execution of field trials, identification of measurements/metrics to be retrieved, mapping/relating those to vertical use case KPIs and evaluation of results, Testing/ Experimentation unit’s definition/description and cross-facility experimentation capabilities (through 5G-VIOS) [134].

• 5G City designed a 5G enabled city-wide testbed infrastructure for the cities of Barcelona, Bristol, and Lucca. Details on implementation and network performances are available in Deliverables [7], [8] and [9]. The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment for the vertical sector of smart city [37], [38], whereas One5G has created a dedicated PoC [51], [53], [54].
• 5G ESSENCE platform for public safety communications focused on two services, namely MCPTT (Mission Critical Push-To-Talk) and Chat and localization. The provision of public safety services relied in three axes: i) Network Service deployment of VNF (Virtual Network Functions) and NSD (Network Service Descriptor) in both Main DC and Edge DC environment; ii) RAN slicing capabilities adapted to the virtual service and the security stage identified in the application; iii) Service Network adaptation based on the monitored information. The features of the platform have been presented in a B-APCO (British Association of Public Safety Communications Officials) event (November 2019, Newcastle, UK) [11].
• The SliceNet project has investigated the Smart City Lighting use case. It has been deployed in real world to save energy for a university campus in Bucharest Romania [55] – [60].
• 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
• 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [102] – [104]. Initial UC deployment, testing and early KPI validation is ongoing.
• 5G!Drones developed the  trial engine as direct follow-up of initial definition of the rial controller in  [116]. Infrastructure-level enablers of the project’s system architecture were also addressed and reported /detailed in [120].
• 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [107] – [109].
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. The project has defined a methodology and guidelines for running the field trials. Examples are Procedures/ Operations to be performed before, after and at the time of execution of field trials, identification of measurements/metrics to be retrieved, mapping/relating those to vertical use case KPIs and evaluation of results, Testing/ Experimentation unit’s definition/description and cross-facility experimentation capabilities (through 5G-VIOS) [134].

• 5G-VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects. 5G-VINNI worked on the development of E2E use cases with the Norwegian National Defense supporting multiple domains (Core; Edge; Radio; Transport) by designing a Pan-European 5G Ecosystem [75], [170], [171], [172].
• 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities,  Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• The 5G!Drones targeted Use Cases have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [111]. The 5G Trial facilities have also been investigated and described first through Initial description [112] and second through complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the 5G trial facilities of concern [113]. Initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [114].
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. The project has defined a methodology and guidelines for running the field trials. Examples are Procedures/ Operations to be performed before, after and at the time of execution of field trials, identification of measurements/metrics to be retrieved, mapping/relating those to vertical use case KPIs and evaluation of results, Testing/ Experimentation unit’s definition/description and cross-facility experimentation capabilities (through 5G-VIOS) [134].
• The 5GZORRO architecture integrates SDN/NFV and Cloud native orchestration technologies with Permissioned Distributed Ledger infrastructures to offers services for:  Cross-domain network slicing across multiple operators and stakeholders, Resource and service offering via marketplaces, Discovery, intelligent selection and trading  of resources and Services via Smart Contracts, Zero-touch network slice and service lifecycle management, Cross-stakeholder e-license management, SLA monitoring & breach prediction and Security and trust across multiple domains. The realization of these services is made possible through the interaction of various functions for slice orchestration, network intelligence and analytics, security trust, management of service virtualized resources, all executed for multi-domain and single domain scope. The architecture follows a principle of service-based architecture similar to the 5G Service-based architecture defined in 3GPP and in for the ETSI Zero-touch  Network and Service Management. The architecture implements also the concept of sharing operational data across the whole system through logically centralized data reservoirs (a.k.a. 5G Operational Data Lakes), so that multiple asynchronous management components may act upon this shared data pool towards optimizing a target set of KPIs [167], [168].

5G-MoNArch provided a project testbed for a smart sea port (Hamburg) [23], that received the GSMA GLOMO Award on 5G industry Partnership as the first large scale industrial commercial 5G trial in MWC 2019.

5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [102] – [104]. Initial UC deployment, testing and early KPI validation is ongoing.

5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [107] – [109].

• The SliceNet project has investigated a Smart Grid use case. The smart grid use case integrates with existing Smart Grid Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) for self-healing capabilities against grid faults/failures. [55] – [60].
• 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
• 5G-VINNI is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Transport, Public Safety and Energy. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• 5G GROWTH has performed and initial deployment of the four vertical pilots with 5G infrastructure and the first release of software for the integration of 5Growth platform with ICT-17 platforms (5G-EVE and 5G-VINNI) published as open source: https://github.com/5growth/ and captured in [123]. The pilots along with their service use cases deployment and developed related innovations have been presented in a number of vertical-oriented events (including panels, workshops, webinars, etc.) organized by the projects, with high visibility and large attendance.
• 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a  Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [102] – [104]. Initial UC deployment, testing and early KPI validation is ongoing.
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. The project has defined a methodology and guidelines for running the field trials. Examples are Procedures/ Operations to be performed before, after and at the time of execution of field trials, identification of measurements/metrics to be retrieved, mapping/relating those to vertical use case KPIs and evaluation of results, Testing/ Experimentation unit’s definition/description and cross-facility experimentation capabilities (through 5G-VIOS) [134].

• The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated for the eHealth vertical sector [39]. The SliceNet project has investigated a eHealth use cases. The use case features practical tools for paramedics and other healthcare workers including wearable camera headset for ambulance crew or pandemic fighting scenarios, machine learning based stroke diagnosis and video streaming optimization software, among others. [55] – [60].
• In the context of 5G-HEART there has been a definition and analysis of use cases and high-level requirements, network KPIs of each scenario from the end-user perspective [95] for a) Healthcare [96], b) Automotive[97], c) Transport [97] and d) Aquaculture [98]. Also, there has been an initial solution development and verification of use cases for all verticals, introducing first implementation details and initial pilots and trials setup.
• 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [107] – [109].
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132].

• 5G ESSENCE demonstrated Edge network acceleration in a football stadium (Municipal Football Stadium “Stavros Mavrothalasitis”, Egaleo, Athens, Greece) during a typical 90-minutes match. The event was broadcasted via 360° camera to a number of viewers with eMBMS (evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) -enabled end-devices. An ultra-dense network of CESCs (Cloud Enabled Small Cells) and Edge Data Centre (DC) was deployed for providing 5G mobile broadband experience and the NFVI introduced by 5G ESSENCE. The demonstrated architecture brings several benefits to vertical industry of entertainment, leveraging on video low latency and high quality [10]. Moreover, on another pilot, the 5G ESSENCE platform was also adapted to the Next Generation of In-Flight Entertainment and Connectivity (NG-IFEC) Systems. Key technical enablers and functionalities included multi-tenancy, caching, video transcoding, efficient multicast, network slicing, co-existence of cSD-RAN controllers and the CESCM (Cloud Enabled Small Cell Manager) to enable multi-operator connectivity services and, through this innovative on-board set-up, the delivery of enhanced in-flight services, for both passengers and crew members. The various implementations have been demonstrated in a realistic aircraft environment that is, Airbus A320 Cabin Mock-Up which is available at Zodiac Inflight Innovations (ZII, Germany) premises [12].
• 5G MEDIA’s platform has been validated  against three media use cases: immersive Virtual Reality 3D gaming application, remote production of broadcast content incorporating user generated contents, and dynamically adaptive CDNs for the intelligent distribution of Ultra-High Definition (UHD) content [16], [17] and [18].
• 5G-MoNArch provided a project testbed for a Touristic city (Turin) [23]. The 5G-PICTURE project has successfully completed large scale demonstrations in operation environment in a stadium [37], [38]. The 5G-TRANSFORMER platform was validated and demonstrated for the Entertainment vertical sector [39].
• 5G EVE is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including Industry 4.0, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Energy, Media & Entertainment, in tight collaboration with vertical partners of 5G EVE consortium. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects [67] – [72].
• 5G GENESIS is working on the integration, execution and validation of 5G use cases from a variety of vertical sectors, including, Smart Transport, Smart Cities & Utilities, Public Safety and Media and Entertainment. Agreements are also in place for providing the same service level for validating a number of associated use cases developed by ICT19 projects.
• The 5G!Drones targeted Use Cases have been reviewed and fully detailed clearly stating their requirements [111]. The 5G Trial facilities have also been investigated and described first through Initial description [112] and second through complete description including mapping of the UC to each of the 5G trial facilities of concern [113]. Initial roadmap for communication, showcasing, dissemination, exploitation and standardization was also devised [114].
• 5G-SOLUTIONS has defined use case scenarios and test cases for a) Factories of the Future, b) Smart Energy, c) Smart City and Ports d) Media and entertainment, e) Concurrent Multi-Living-Lab. It has also developed a Technological and Business Validation Aligned Methodology, along with Test Case Formalization and Formats, and considered the mapping of Application / Vertical KPIs to Network KPIs [102] – [104]. Initial UC deployment, testing and early KPI validation is ongoing.
• 5G-TOURS has defined use cases for eHealth, touristic city and mobility efficient city [107] – [109].
• 5G-VICTORI provided an initial architecture blueprint definition for each of the 5G-VICTORI sites as well as a high-level overview of the extensions and upgrades to the HW and SW components planned for the sites, as to incorporate the different use cases [132]. The project has defined a methodology and guidelines for running the field trials. Examples are Procedures/ Operations to be performed before, after and at the time of execution of field trials, identification of measurements/metrics to be retrieved, mapping/relating those to vertical use case KPIs and evaluation of results, Testing/ Experimentation unit’s definition/description and cross-facility experimentation capabilities (through 5G-VIOS) [134].

• 5GCAR generated technical findings have contributed to pre-standardization and normative standardization bodies like 5GAA and 3GPP to shape eventually 5G Rel-16 Study Items, ongoing Work Item and Rel-17 for some of the technical enablers.  For the industrial environment, 5GCAR partners have helped to change regulatory mindsets in favor of C-V2X in 2019 [64] – [66].
• One of the most important results of 5GCity project is the Neutral Hosting Orchestration Platform and SDK. This architecture and related business model allow to innovate in the way business relationships are established between cities and telecom operators involving also vertical application providers. Deliverable [1] and [2] describe the final architecture of 5GCity and its Orchestration Platform. Deliverable [3] describes the software prototype, also avaialble in OpenSource on GitHub. Deliverable D2.5 (Confidential) contains the business model and techno-economic analyses to assess their economic feasibility. KPI measurements and tests with use cases are reported in deliverable [4].
• The 5G-MEDIA project has defined innovative business models arisen by the use of 5G MEDIA platform. The 5G-MEDIA project has focused on how the market could change by means of the introduction of technologies for empowering the 5G value, looking at it from the perspective of the vertical domain, specifically for media organizations and has introduced three business scenarios, as a potential future roadmap for the adoption of the technologies resulting from the project [19].
• To quantify the technical and socio-economic benefits of the technologies developed in 5G-MoNArch a framework has been defined including a process as well as a set of technical and commercial / economic KPIs [24]. Sat5G identified business cases for satellite related use cases [27].
• The SliceNet project has investigated commercialization opportunities for eHealth, Smart Grid and Smart City Lighting use cases. Firstly, the eHealth use case features practical tools for paramedics and other healthcare workers including wearable camera headset for ambulance crew or pandemic fighting scenarios, machine learning based stroke diagnosis and video streaming optimisation software, among others. Secondly, the Smart Grid use case integrates with existing Smart Grid Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) for self-healing capabilities against grid faults/failures. Thirdly, the Smart City Lighting use case has been deployed in real world to save energy for a university campus in Bucharest Romania [55] – [60]. Moreover, SliceNet had impact on standardisation including firstly two contributions approved as ITU-T FG ML5G specifications (1) ML5G-I-247 – Machine learning based end-to-end network slice management and orchestration and (2) ML5G-I-242-R1 – Vertical-assisted Network Slicing Based on a Cognitive Framework, and secondly, one contribution approved as ETSI ENI POC (ENI(19)000055) “Predictive Fault management of E2E Multi-domain Network Slices” [61], [62]. Finally, SliceNet contribution to open source projects including OpenAirInterface (OAI), Mosaic5G, OpenvSwitch (OVS), SkyDive, OpenWhisk etc. [63] .
• In relation to the automotive sector, the 5GCroCo project has initiated the identification of business opportunities in the new emerging and forming 5G ecosystems for cross-border CCAM [84]. 5G MOBIX has defined a Deployment, Integration and Trialing methodology as well as Technical, Business and user acceptance KPIs for the execution of Cross-Border Corridor trials [93].
• 5G-CARMEN uncovers the regulatory and business aspects, which are the underlying barriers of cross-country radio network coverage, MNO cooperation and thus real seamless implementations. Together with both other corridor projects, a joint European solution supported by the European Union, is appealed for [99] – [101].
• The UAV Business and regulatory ecosystem have also been investigating in 5G!Drones together with the role here 5G could play [118]. Also, the project has contributed to standardization activities [120].
• 5GROWTH has defined business models and a methodology for the validation of the business KPIs for the project’s use cases for different stakeholders (verticals, operators, vendors, service providers) along with an initial techno-economic analysis for all vertical pilots through quantitative (numerical) evaluation about the savings and new revenues obtained by the adoption of the 5G and 5Growth-specific envisaged innovations and solutions [125].
• 5G-SMART provided in depth descriptions of the required 5G technical features which are not yet standardized or currently being discussed for standardization. Key technical features relating to end-to-end time synchronization, integration of 5G with time-sensitive networking (TSN) and 5G based positioning mechanisms are analysed. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis was performed for each feature. Furthermore, potential improvements or gaps were observed comparing to use case requirements. Recommendations towards future standardization and solution development were given [130].
• 5G-VINNI introduced the various actor roles that will appear in the 5G ecosystem as well as the potential business relationships between them. The analysis was performed at different granularity levels, starting from a high-level model that focus on the 5G experimental facilities, up to a more generic and many-faceted 5G actor role model, embracing also the platform ecosystem concept. 5G-VINNI also introduced the concept of Business Layer as an architectural component that lays on top of orchestration system and facilitates the business interaction of verticals enterprises, service providers and suppliers with 5G system, allowing the emergence of new business models. The proposed Business Layer design incorporates requirements coming from experimental character of 5G use cases as well as requirements for a establishing a 5G Business Support System.  Finally, a set of Business & Economic KPIs were introduced for evaluating the performance of the Business Layer, the overall business success and economic sustainability of 5G experimental facilities [169].
• 5G-VINNI is contributing to the work in 3GPP SA5 and ETSI ZSM on the aspects related to capability exposure mechanisms. In particular, a Proof-of-Concept based on multi-domain service orchestration has been approved by ZSM and the project is running experiments in support of the GSMA OPG initiative regarding telco edge cloud platforms. An analysis of the business sustainability of advanced, multi-site experimentation and verification facilities is being performed as well.