info@5g-ppp.eu

White Papers

Home / White Papers

The papers presented here to facilitate access to the views of the 5G-PPP community and to allow informed discussion of the 5G challenges as perceived by the members of the community.

Please note the opinions in these documents are the amalgamated opinions views of the contributors and may not be considered as representing the views of any individual organisation.

SPECIAL: – The Architecture WG has published a new 6G Architecture Landscape “European Perspective” paper for consultation – click here to read and respond !!

Issued Papers and Views 2022:

Non-Public-Networks – State of the art and way forward
A white paper from the 5G PPP Technology Board (November 2022)
Non-public networks (NPNs) push the integration capability of 5G a step further by not only offering the integration of service capabilities specific and tuned towards verticals but building an entire concept of infrastructure provisioning around verticals. This is achieved by extending the architectural alignment of service-based architecture and enterprise service architecture to the capability of provisioning 5G hardware infrastructure, down to base stations in vertical industry sites. The use of private site-specific spectrum, utilized for 5G infrastructure, can be complemented by the possibility to utilize roaming into operators’ wide-area connectivity, if needed for the specific use case. The use of local spectrum disconnects NPNs entirely from previous operator-dependent deployment models. Ultimately, the vertical customer’s extended enterprise service architecture is now realized as a distributed data centre that spans its various sites albeit with the ultra-low latency and service-centric capabilities that are enabled by 5G. This white paper presents the state of the art of NPNs in the 5G and beyond 5G context and provides an outlook on possible evolution paths of this concept.
Intelligent Security Architecture for 5G and Beyond Networks
A white paper from the INSPIRE-5Gplus Project (October 2022)
This white paper introduces the evolved version of the overall INSPIRE-5Gplus framework’s High-Level Architecture, describing its main functional blocks, the key security management services provided by the functional blocks and their role in empowering intelligent closed-loop security operations. To illustrate how the INSPIRE-5Gplus framework can be applied as a zero-touch security management solution for 5G systems, the white paper presents a new set of advanced security use cases. The presented use cases cover different advanced security problems that will be demonstrated through INSPIRE-5Gplus demonstrators, namely: Demo1 – Security Management Closed Loop; Demo2 – Trust and Liability Management; and Demo3 – Moving Target Defense (MTD). The security issues covered by the described UCs include attack detection over encrypted traffic, prevention of introspection attacks, automated assessment of SSLA fulfilment, misbehaviour detection in self-driving vehicular networks, on-demand and verifiable isolation of critical virtualized network functions, and proactive defence for End-to-End (E2E) network slices. The presented UCs promote different emerging technologies that can be leveraged to solve the security issues under consideration. This includes the use of advanced ML techniques such as Reinforcement Learning, TEE, MTD, and the new concept of “Deep Attestation” proposed by INSPIRE-5Gplus as a mean to measure in a verifiable way specific security properties.
Network Applications: Opening up 5G and beyond networks
A white paper from the 5G-PPP Software Network Working Group (September 2022)
This paper aims to demystify the concept of the Network Applications. Different Network Applications implementations have been conducted by different ICT-41 projects considering various API types and different levels of trust between the verticals and the CSP. In this paper, the different approaches considered by the projects addressing Network Applications are summarized and categorized. In addition to the views of many ICT-41 projects, this paper also collected the view of some projects from ICT-52 & ICT-42. in total 12 5G-PPP projects contributed to this paper.
From 5G to 6G Vision – A Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM) perspective
A white paper from the 6G-IA 5G for CAM WG Working Group (June 2022)
The 5G for CAM Working Group of the 6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association present this contribution to the ongoing global brainstorming on 6G by providing our initial views on what 6G might look like and what implications this will have for CAM. The paper reflects on the lessons learnt during the execution of the key 5G PPP projects which have been working on 5G for CAM and contribute to identifying, from the very beginning, new mobility requirements for the evolution of 5G and 6G communication systems. The paper also identifies the impending new technologies that are being considered for 6G and have the potential to have a highly positive impact on CAM.
Beyond 5G/6G KPIs and Target Values
A white paper from the 5G-PPP Test, Measurement and KPIs Validation Working Group (June 2022)
The main objective of this document is to present the current view of the available B5G and 6G KPIs from 5G PPP phase III projects with a focus on projects of the ICT-52 call. This view includes mapping to KPIs previously defined for 5G and evaluating how they might evolve to fit the B5G and 6G visions. We are presently at the start of the 6G research era, where visionaries and researchers are interplaying to define a vision for 6G. To ensure the direction of innovations towards realizing 6G it is critical that KPIs are defined at an early stage to help steer the process. The KPIs are either evolved from previous generation KPIs or are new and being defined in coordination with definition of new features and use cases. It is at this stage that this white paper makes its contribution, in collecting KPIs from active research projects based on work on new features and use cases. The paper consists of two main technical parts. The first part gives an overview of standard network KPIs with defined target values for 5G system. These are well known KPIs that will be evolved to 6G by changing target values. The second part presents KPIs collected from ICT-52 research projects aimed at B5G and 6G system. These KPIs are processed in terms of being grouped according to KPI type or context, and they are presented with references to standards and target values where possible and available. The white paper is intended to be updated and re-published every year to track the B5G and 6G KPIs evolutions. The evolutions will occur as projects, use cases and functionalities mature. KPI definitions from new B5G and 6G projects from projects participating in the 6G SNS R&I Work Programme will be taken into account when available (2023). Future version of this report will also integrate more information on KPIs target values and definition of methodology for how to measure them. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6577506, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577506 .
6G IA – What societal values will 6G address? –
A White paper from the Societal Needs and Value Creation Sub-Group of the 6G Infrastructure Association Vision and Societal Challenges Working Group (May 2022)
The White Paper outlines how a technology development driven from the perspective of societal values can complement the usual performance-driven perspective. A set of use case areas, representing new possibilities in 6G, are identified from published sources mainly from EU funded ICT-52 research projects. These use case areas are then analysed with respect to societal key values that can be impacted by future technology developments. This entails defining Key Value Indicators (KVIs) that can be used for monitoring and validating the impact on key societal values, and vice versa, for studying how societal Key Values can be enabled by impacting the technology development in certain directions. We find that the studied use case areas can indeed be connected to societal key values that can be enabled by future 6G networks, and that it is possible to define KVIs to estimate this value impact. We propose a continued development of this analysis involving relevant subject matter experts and the application of this analysis on upcoming 6G research projects. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6557534
5G PPP – Basic Testing Guide: A Starter Kit for 5G KPIs Verification – A White paper from the Test, Measurement, and KPIs Validation Working Group (January 2022)
This Basic Testing Guide document is a practical guide describing the starter kit developed in the context of the 5G PPP Test, Measurement and KPI Validation work group. The guide enables the interested developer to understand how this can be applied to measure and verify basic 5G KPIs. The document starts from describing the idea intention to measure up to the actual realization of the test. To enable the test, a description of the environment, how to install it, the test tools and the methodology is provided. It goes from idea to run the actual test, step by step. The proposed framework with the support of the described android agents can in principle support the validation of application level KPIs running at the android UEs, while for other application-specific KPIs running at other systems, the development of specialized plugins is necessary.

2021 publications:

COREnect White Paper “Passive user or innovative driver? Europe’s future role in microelectronics and connectivity” (November 2021)In this whitepaper the intention is to showcase how the mobile connectivity revolution will affect existing ecosystems and verticals, and present proposals to secure European relevance in future global ecosystems and position European wide industry and economy ideally in this coming digital revolution despite ever-growing global competitions. To make the discussion as inclusive and comprehensible as possible the automotive industry – one of the most reputed and long-standing European industry champions – is used as an exemplary case study, with the aim to exemplify how evolved software, hardware and connectivity are transforming the very core of the business. To do this with the deepest level of competence, a selected set of questions were used in interviews with key representatives from the automotive business.
5G PPP – View on 5G Architecture V4.0 – Final version including inputs from the public consultation (November 2021)
In Version 4.0, the Architecture Working Group (WG) provides a consolidated view of the architectural efforts developed in the projects of the 5G PPP and other research efforts, including standardization. This serves not only to review the current state of the 5G architecture, but to also identify promising trends towards the next generation of mobile and wireless communication networks, namely 6G.
This is the fourth release of this white paper, while building on the previous versions, is focussed on the output of the 5G PPP Phase III projects in terms of the architecture for the integration of large infrastructures and vertical industries (also known as verticals), the long-term evolution of the 5G technologies and the service-specific features. The view consolidated in this white paper presents the current overview on the 5G Architecture as developed by these European research efforts.
Delivery of 5G Services Indoors – the wireless/wire challenge and solutions (September 2021)
Many 5G use cases inherently apply in indoor environments whereas their requirements are not always properly reflected by the requirements eminent for outdoor applications. The best example for indoor applications can be found is the Industry 4.0 vertical, in which most described use cases are occurring in a manufacturing hall. Other environments exhibit similar characteristics such as commercial spaces in offices, shopping malls and commercial buildings. We can find further similar environments in the media & entertainment sector, culture sector with museums and the transportation sector with metro tunnels. Finally in the residential space we can observe a strong trend for wireless connectivity of appliances and devices in the home. Some of these spaces are exhibiting very high requirements among others in terms of device density, high accuracy localisation, reliability, latency, time sensitivity, coverage and service continuity. This white paper sheds a light on use cases, requirements and emerging solutions for the application of 5G indoors, and introduces first KPI achievements in this context.
5G Ecosystems– A white paper by the 5G IA Vision and Societal Challenges Working Group (September 2021)
The Business Validation, Models, and Ecosystems Sub-Group prepared this white paper, which discusses 5G ecosystems as a prerequisite for value creation for and by the engaged stakeholders and return of investment as a potential award for the engagement. A clear identification of 5G stakeholders supports the creation and evolution of the 5G ecosystems by characterising the potential role that each actor can assume. The identified stakeholder groups include 5G industry and research organisations, vertical sectors’ firms, complementor firms, as well as organisations and associations of providers and consumers active in the value network representing the interests of a larger collection of firms and organisations. Those stakeholder groups include both small and medium enterprises (SME) and larger companies, and whenever relevant academic institutions. In addition, standards organisations, open-source organisation and policy makers are an inherent part of the 5G ecosystems, as are governmental agencies at regional, national and European level that support the creation of value in the 5G ecosystems though funding or procurement of innovations.
Understanding the Numbers – Contextualization and Impact Factors of 5G Performance Results (July 2021)
The 5G PPP work group on Test, Measurement and KPI Validation prepared this white paper in order to provide some insight on the factors that practically affect performance of deployed experimental 5G systems in the field. The white paper includes mainly the views of Phase III infrastructure projects of the 5G PPP. It focuses on clarifying the details behind the performance results obtained, and provides a series of interpretation guidelines that help creating a bridge between the telecommunication and the vertical domains in reaching a common understanding on what vertical domains can expect from 5G.
ARIADNE – On communication-theoretic models for programmable wireless environments enabled by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (June 2021)
With the current deployment of the fifth generation (5G) of communication systems, it is now a critical time to identify enabling technologies for the sixth generation (6G) of communication systems. 6G systems are expected to fulfill more stringent requirements than 5G systems, on transmission capacity, reliability, latency, coverage, energy consumption, and connection
density.
Service performance measurement methods over 5G experimental networks – (May 2021)
– Full Version
– Short Version
This white paper (available in both short and long versions) analyses the 5G-PPP projects’ use cases of various verticals for their performance KPIs and their mapping to the 5G network KPIs. The scope is to identify (based on architectural elements analysis, information flow, etc.) the potential impact on the service performance and the perceived user quality. The considered use cases belong to the following domains: Smart Cities & Utilities, Transportation, Automotive, Media & Entertainment, Agriculture & Agri-food, Smart (Air)ports, Energy and E-health & Wellness. The goal was to understand the relationship between the 5G network performance indicators and the vertical services.
AI and ML – Enablers for Beyond 5G Networks – (May 2021)
This white paper on AI and ML as enablers of beyond 5G (B5G) networks is based on contributions from almost 20 5G PPP projects, coordinated through the 5G PPP Technology Board, that research, implement and validate 5G and B5G network systems. The paper introduces the main relevant mechanisms in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), currently investigated and exploited for enhancing 5G and B5G networks.
Edge Computing for 5G Networks – (February 2021)
The 5G PPP Initiative and the 5GIA are happy to present a new white paper entitled “Edge Computing for 5G Networks”. This white paper provides a) a brief introduction to the Edge computing concept, b) an exhaustive technology review focusing on virtualisation, orchestration, network control, and operational frameworks, c) a discussion about the role of security, and d) an analysis of several business aspects around the Edge ecosystem. Moreover, the white paper provides an in-depth analysis of Edge solutions that have been selected, deployed and validated by 17 different EU funded 5G PPP projects.

2020 publications:

INSPIRE-5Gplus Whitepaper on “Intelligent Security Architecture for 5G and Beyond Networks” (November 2020).
This White Paper introduces the overall INSPIRE-5Gplus framework’s High-Level Architecture, its main functional blocks and their role in enabling intelligent closed-loop security operations. To illustrate how the INSPIRE-5Gplus framework can be applied as a zero-touch security management solution for 5G systems, the White Paper presents a representative set of advanced security use cases. The presented use cases cover different advanced security problems, including: (i) trustworthy composition of network slices using Blockchains (DLT) and secure deployment of E2E network slices in compliance with agreed SSLAs for automotive verticals; (ii) detection of network attacks over encrypted traffic in Service-Based Architectures; (iii) enforcement of E2E encryption policies while leveraging TEE to enable trustworthy execution of encryption-decryption operations; (iv) reactive and proactive protection of E2E network slices using, respectively, anomaly detection and Moving Target Defense mechanisms.
5G PPP projects impact on Standards Development Organisations (SDOs)– (Technical Report, October 2020)
This technical report summarises the outcome of a 5G-IA Pre-Standardisation Working Group survey on the achieved and planned impact of 5G-PPP Horizon 2020 projects on Standards Development Organisations (SDOs). The ultimate goal of the survey was to identify weaknesses and strengths, preventing or facilitating the transfer of 5G PPP research results to standardisation bodiesThis technical report includes the highlights from the survey, as contributed by 5G PPP projects on a voluntarily basis, and summarises the main conclusions which will be a valuable input to improve the impact on standards of the next EU Research Framework Programme.
5G Trials for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) along European Cross-Border Corridors – (October 2020)
This white paper introduces the scope, use cases, trial sites and particularities of each of the three H2020-ICT-18-2018 5G PPP corridor projects: 5GCroCo, 5G-CARMEN and 5G-MOBIX. These projects address a number of technical, organizational, business and administrative challenges that the provision of CCAM functionality over 5G connectivity poses in highway and national border (corridors) environments. The projects are performing 5G-enabled Autonomous Driving AD trials at national border conditions and are drawing useful insights regarding the challenges and opportunities of provisioning 5G-enabled CCAM services in cross-border conditions. This white paper, a joint effort by the three projects, presents their preliminary results, based on currently available technological enablers, with the capacity to mitigate and/or resolve the above mentioned challenges. It also identifies and elaborates on the main concerns and challenges arising from deploying advanced CCAM use cases at regional borders.
5G Strategic Deployment Agenda for Connected and Automated Mobility in Europe – (October 2020)
The 5G Public Private Partnership, a joint Commission and European ICT industry initiative, has now published the Strategic Deployment Agenda for the roll-out of “5G corridors”. As part of Europe’s 5G Action Plan for pan-European deployment of 5G connectivity infrastructure along major transport paths by 2025, these “5G corridors” are expected to be a key enabler for connected and automated mobility and for the development of innovative ecosystems around cars and other means of transport. Connected vehicles will be able to access mission-critical information in real time. This will contribute to road safety, to a lower carbon footprint, and to a broad range of digital services for drivers and passengers.
Empowering Vertical Industries through 5G Networks – (September 2020)
Prepared by the 5G PPP Technology Board and the 5G IA Verticals Task Force, this white paper summarizes the progress and results produced by 5G PPP projects, while developing some innovative 5G network services for vertical industries. It provides information about requirements and addressed business cases. It also discusses in detail several exemplary use cases from eleven different vertical sectors and identifies key 5G features that have been used to meet the specified requirements.
Business Validation in 5G PPP Vertical Use Cases – (June 2020)
This white paper, prepared by the Vision and Societal Challenges Working Group – Business Validation, Models, and Ecosystems Sub-Group (BVME-SG) describes how the BVME-SG carried out an initial survey of various 5G PPP projects with the objective of finding common approaches and processes to business validation. A great deal of business validation work here is to understand what enables verticals, and how this is articulated through market expansion models, business and society benefits. The BVME-SG established an understanding regarding how vertical value propositions and business models could be enabled and how, as a consequence, a secondary supply side beneficiary in terms of the designing, building, maintaining and operation of a network may be apparent and could be identified.
On Board Procedure to 5G PPP Infrastructure Projects – (April 2020)
This white paper describes the basic procedures that must be followed when vertical sector oriented projects of the 5G PPP plan to use the 5G PPP infrastructure project services. For each of the infrastructure projects this paper informs – among others – about how to interact with the infrastructure, what information is needed for running experiments, what output and how is provided, as well as what are the future plans of each infrastructure project for the longer term support of vertical applications.
5G PPP 5G Architecture White Paper – Consolidated Version – (February 2020)
The consolidated European view on 5G architecture design by the 5G-PPP 5G Architecture Working Group, including the inputs from the Public Consultation phase, are now presented in this Final Version 3.0
5G PPP Software Network WG Paper: “Cloud-Native and 5G Verticals’ services” February 2020,
To highlight the value and challenges of becoming Cloud-Native, the 5G-PPP Software Network WG prepared this publication titled, Cloud Native and 5G Verticals’ services, depicting the three phases to evolve from Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) to Cloud-Native Functions (CNFs).
5G network support of vertical industries in the 5G PPP ecosystem, February 2020
The 5G PPP Verticals task force has prepared an overview of the extended pilot trials that are being executed to validate 5G for vertical use cases using the three research infrastructure projects
5G-EVE, 5GENESIS and 5G-VINNI. These trials are being performed in the context of the 5G Public-Private Partnership (5G PPP) programme and cover multiple domains, like autonomous driving, smart factories, healthcare, media, energy, etc.

2019 publications:

5G PPP Automotive WG Initial proposal on how 5G Strategic Deployment can support Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM) in Europe. October 2019
This 5G Automotive WG Paper is an Initial Proposal showing how the 5G Strategic Deployment Agenda can reach out towards a broader range of potential stakeholders in the area of connected and automated mobility in Europe.
5G-PPP Software Network White Paper: “Cloud-Native and Verticals’ services – 5G-PPP projects analysis“ September 2019
The paper analyzes how 5G-PPP projects interpret Cloud-Native design patterns and identify adoption barriers.
5G PPP Test, Measurement and KPIs Validation Working Group White Paper – June 2019:
“Validating 5G Technology Performance – Assessing 5G architecture and Application Scenarios”
This paper proposes a unified vision on the Test and Measurement topics for 5G, allowing for common procedures and terminology and provides substantiated answers to more high-level relevant questions such as “does slicing help fulfilling vertical requirements for 5G?”
5G PPP Automotive White Paper:“Business Feasibility Study for 5G V2X Deployment” – (Version 2.0 February 2019)

2018 publications:

5G-PPP Software Network White Paper: ‘From Webscale to Telco, the Cloud Native Journey – July 2018
The paper highlights what we must do in order to design a cloud-native 5G system.
5G PPP Automotive White Paper: A study on 5G V2X Deployment. – (Version 1.0 Feb 2018).
This paper provides first insights into the deployment models for 5G Vehicle to Anything (V2X).

2017 publications:

5G PPP 5G Architecture White Paper Revision 2.0 – (White Paper version 2.0 Dec 2017)
This paper highlights the key 5G architecture design recommendations from 5G-PPP Phase 1 and provides a baseline architecture for Phases 2 and 3.
5G PPP Security Landscape – (White Paper) June 2017
This paper provide insights into how 5G security should be addressed in terms of “what” and “why”.
5G-PPP Cognitive Network Management for 5G – March 2017
In this paper, the novelties for network management in 5G are presented.
5G-PPP Vision on Software Networks – (White Paper) January 2017
This paper provide a first conceptual architecture seamlessly and flexibly combining SDN and NFV technologies for 5G.

2016 publications:

5G PPP 5G Architecture – (White Paper) Updated July 2016
This is the updated version of the 5G PPP View on 5G Architecture after incorporating the results of public consultations and discussions.
5G-PPP Stakeholders Survey. June 2016
The Euro-5G project, in consultation with the other 18 5G-PPP projects, has produced this overview of the domains and sectors being considered by the projects as the target consumers of the solutions and technologies being addressed by the projects.
5G-PPP use cases and performance evaluation modeling_v1.0 – April 2016
This document provides an overview of the use cases and models that were developed for an early evaluation of different 5G radio access network concepts originating from various 5G-PPP phase 1 projects.
5G-PPP Pre-standards-WG Issues Paper – October 2015